Adaptación y validación del Test de Alfabetización en Salud Mental Canadiense (tmhhscg) en estudiantes chilenos / Adaptation and Validation of the Canadian Mental Health Literacy Test (tmhhscg) in Chilean Students / Adaptação e validação do Teste de Alfabetização em Saúde Mental Canadense (tmhhscg) em estudantes chilenos

la alfabetización en salud mental (ASM) se define como el conocimiento y las creencias sobre los trastornos mentales que ayudan a su reconocimiento, manejo y prevención. Se buscó traducir, adaptar y validar el instrumento canadiense Test Mental Health & High School Curriculum Guide (TMHHSCG) en estudiantes de secundaria y universitarios chilenos. Materiales y métodos: estudio de diseño instrumental en adolescentes (n = 454) y jóvenes (n = 434). Se llevó a cabo un proceso de adaptación compuesto por traducción y retrotraducción, y entrevistas cognitivas y de validación a través de análisis factorial para la validez de criterio y de constructo, análisis de validez convergente y divergente y análisis de invarianza factorial. Resultados: las dimensiones del TMHHSCGCL que conforman la ASM (conocimiento sobre trastornos mentales y salud mental, estigma hacia las personas con trastorno mental y búsqueda de ayuda) cumplieron con el requisito de un factor superior o igual 0.3. Hubo niveles de correlación moderada, positiva y significativa entre las dimensiones del test y entre este y las tres escalas utilizadas para probar la validez de criterio, tuvo buena consistencia interna y validez de constructo, convergente y discriminante. El análisis de invarianza de medición comparó modelos de manera progresiva y mostró una buena invarianza factorial. Conclusión: el TMHHSCGCL muestra adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que incorpora todos los componentes de la ASM. Ello permitirá medir el nivel de ASM para desarrollar intervenciones de prevención y promoción en salud mental en estudiantes de educación secundaria y universitaria.

Mental Health Literacy (mhl) is defined as knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders that aid in their recognition, management and prevention. We sought to translate, adapt and validate the Canadian instrument Test Mental Health & High School Curriculum Guide (tmhhscg) in Chilean high school and university students. Materials and methods: Instrumental design study in adolescents (n = 454) and young adults (n = 434). An adaptation process consisting of translation and back-translation, and cognitive and validation interviews was carried out by means of factor analysis for criterion and construct validity, convergent and divergent validity analysis, and factorial invariance analysis. Results: The dimensions of the tmhhscg-cl that compose the mhl (knowledge about mental disorders and mental health, stigma towards people with mental disorders, and help-seeking) met the requirement of a factor greater than or equal to 0.3. There were moderate, positive and significant levels of correlation between the test dimensions and between the test and the three scales used to test criterion validity, had good internal consistency and construct, convergent and discriminant validity. The measurement invariance analysis compared the models progressively and showed good factorial invariance. Conclusion: The tmhhscg-cl shows adequate psychometric properties incorporating all the components of mhl. This will allow measuring the level of mhl, in order to develop prevention and promotion interventions in mental health in high school and university students.

a alfabetização em saúde mental (asm) é definida como o conhecimento e as crenças sobre perturbações mentais que ajudam no seu reconhecimento, gestão e prevenção. Procurámos traduzir, adaptar e validar o instrumento canadiano Test Mental Health & High School Curriculum Guide (tmhhscg) em estudantes chilenos do ensino secundário e universitários. Materiais e métodos: estudo de concepção instrumental em adolescentes (n = 454) e jovens adultos (n = 434). Foi realizado um processo de adapta-ção que consiste na tradução e retrotradução, entrevistas cognitivas e validação através da análise de fatores para critérios e construção de validade, análise de validade convergente e divergente, e análise de invariância fatorial. Resultados: as dimensões tmhhscg-cl que compreendem o asm (conhecimento sobre perturbações mentais e saúde mental, estigma para pessoas com perturbações mentais, e procura de ajuda) cumpriram a exigência de um fator maior ou igual a 0,3. Havia níveis moderados, positivos e significativos de correlação entre as dimensões do teste e entre o teste e as três escalas utilizadas para testar a validade dos critérios, boa consistência interna e validade construtiva, convergente e discrimi-nante. A análise da invariância das medições comparou progressivamente os modelos e mostrou uma boa invariância fatorial. Conclusão: o tmhhscg-cl mostra propriedades psicométricas adequadas incorpo-rando todos os componentes da asm. Isto permitir-nos-á medir o nível de asm a fim de desenvolver inter-venções de prevenção e promoção da saúde mental em estudantes do ensino secundário e universitário.

A validation study of the tagalog version of mental health literacy scale among community health workers

Background@#Mental Health Literacy (MHL) is considered a vital determinant of mental health and has the ability to benefit both individual and public mental health. To thoroughly measure the different aspects of mental health literacy and determine level of knowledge in the community, a MHLS-Filipino version is required.@*Objective@#This study aimed to validate the Mental Health Literacy Scale – Filipino (MHLS-F) version among Community Health Workers in a rural and an urban health center in CaLaBaRZon.@*Study Design@#This is a methodological study that was conducted among rural and urban health workers@*Patients and Methods@#The guidelines provided by Beaton was used as template for the process of translation and crosscultural adaptation. The first phase involved Translation and Cross- cultural Adaptation of the Mental Health Literacy Scale from English to Filipino Version (MHLS-F). The instrument was simultaneously forward translated from English to Filipino by two independent translators from the Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. Back translations into English were done by two independent translators. The expert review committee discussed discrepancies found between the original items and the back-translated version of the questionnaire through a small group discussion and evaluated the content validity. Judgement on each item was made based on the computed i- CVI. The pre-final translated questionnaire was pre-tested on 5 rural and 5 urban community health workers with similar characteristics to the study population. Suggestions or alternative wording were documented and forwarded to Sentro ng Wikang Filipino for editing and proofreading. After synthesis of all reviews, the Mental Health Literacy Scale – Filipino Version was finalized. The final version was administered to 220 Community Health Workers from the Santa Rosa CHO and San Juan MHO. Psychometric properties on internal reliability using Cronbach’s Alpha was used as complementary procedure for determining the final structure of the instrument.@*Results@#All six domains of MHLS were translated into Filipino without any major problems. The Final Mental Health Literacy Scale- Filipino Version has 26 items under 3 subscales. It has an acceptable content validity and satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.730).@*Conclusion@#MHLS was successfully cross-culturally adapted into Filipino. The MHLS-F has good validity and reliability in assessing knowledge and attitude in mental health among community healthcare workers

Health literacy on depression and suicidal behavior among public secondary teachers in Manila

Background and Objectives@#The daily interactions of teachers with students allow the former to observe behavioral changes in the latter. This can serve as an opportunity to emphasize teachers' role in mental health interventions in the school setting. This study aimed to provide baseline information regarding high school teachers' mental health literacy specifically on the recognition and referral of students with depression and suicidal behavior. @*Methodology@#The study design was descriptive cross-sectional that included 460 high school teachers from a district in the City of Manila. The modified QualisMental Vignette Scale for depression literacy and Adolescent Suicide Behavior Questionnaire for suicide literacy was adapted as assessment tools. @*Results and Conclusion@#Results of the study found that 64% correctly identified depression as a mental health problem in the modified case vignette. The highest proportion of respondents chose 'informing the parents' as their preferred mode of referral system. The teachers had varying levels of knowledge on suicidal behaviors. More mental health literacy interventions focusing on depression and suicide must be conducted among teachers to improve their competency on these topics.

COVID-19 no Brasil: existem diferenças no letramento em saúde mental entre homens jovens e idosos? / COVID-19 in Brazil: Are there any differences in Mental Health Literacy between young and aged men? / COVID-19 en Brasil: ¿Hay diferencias entre la alfabetización en salud mental de los hombres jóvenes y la de los mayores?

Resumo Objetivo: analisar o Letramento em Saúde Mental de homens jovens e idosos residentes no Brasil no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. Método: estudo qualitativo, realizado com 87 homens, por meio de survey online assíncrona. Os dados foram processados no software NVIVO12®, estruturados com o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo e analisados por meio do conceito teórico de Letramento em Saúde Mental de Anthony Jorm. Resultados: a partir da análise de um discurso síntese sobre os componentes do Letramento em Saúde Mental, emergiram seis ideias centrais: capacidade de reconhecer distúrbios específicos ou diferentes tipos de sofrimento psíquico; conhecimento e crenças sobre fatores e causas de risco; conhecimento e crenças sobre intervenções de autoajuda; conhecimento e crenças sobre a ajuda profissional disponível; atitudes que facilitem o reconhecimento e a procura de ajuda adequada; e conhecimento de como buscar informações sobre saúde mental. Conclusão: há diferenças no Letramento em Saúde Mental de homens jovens e idosos residentes no Brasil em vivência da pandemia da COVID-19. Homens idosos mostraram-se mais competentes para a gestão do cuidado e a proteção em saúde mental do que os homens jovens, em relação aos níveis de Letramento em Saúde Mental.

Abstract Objective: to analyze the Mental Health Literacy of young and aged men living in Brazil in the COVID-19 pandemic context. Method: a qualitative study conducted with 87 men by means of an asynchronous online survey. The data were processed in the NVIVO12® software, structured with the Collective Subject Discourse method and analyzed through Anthony Jorm's theoretical concept of Mental Health Literacy. Results: six central ideas emerged from the analysis of a synthesis discourse on the components of the Mental Health Literacy, namely: Ability to recognize specific disorders or different types of psychological distress; Knowledge and beliefs about risk factors and causes; Knowledge and beliefs about self-help interventions; Knowledge and beliefs about available professional help; Attitudes that facilitate recognition and the search for adequate help; and Knowledge on how to seek information on mental health. Conclusion: there are differences in the mental health literacy of young and aged men living in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aged men were more competent for mental health care management and protection than young men, in relation to the Mental Health Literacy levels.

Resumen Objetivo: analizar la Alfabetización en Salud Mental de hombres jóvenes y mayores residentes en Brasil en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio cualitativo, realizado con 87 hombres, mediante survey online asincrónica. Los datos fueron procesados usando el software NVIVO12®, estructurados usando el método del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo y analizados usando el concepto teórico de Alfabetización en Salud Mental de Anthony Jorm. Resultados: del análisis de un discurso síntesis sobre los componentes de la Alfabetización en Salud Mental, surgieron seis ideas centrales: capacidad para reconocer trastornos específicos o diferentes tipos de sufrimiento psíquico; conocimiento y creencias sobre factores y causas de riesgo; conocimiento y creencias sobre las intervenciones de autoayuda; conocimiento y creencias sobre la ayuda profesional disponible; actitudes que facilitan el reconocimiento y la búsqueda de ayuda adecuada; y conocimiento sobre cómo buscar información sobre salud mental. Conclusión: hay diferencias entre la Alfabetización en Salud Mental de los hombres jóvenes y la de los mayores que vivían en Brasil durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Los hombres mayores fueron más competentes para gestionar el cuidado y proteger su salud mental que los hombres jóvenes, según los niveles de Alfabetización en Salud Mental.

Religious Mosque Leaders (Khateebs): Awareness, Perceptions, Practices and Attitude towards Mental Health, Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia

Background:Mosques are the most holy places in the eyes of Allah-Exalted and Glorified, and the religious mosque leaders (Khateebs) who read 15-20 minutes Khutbah prior to Friday Prayers have great knowledge in religion of Islam and are considered the peace-building leaders through delivering the pertinent Friday sermons around the world.Objective:This online consenting cross-sectional survey explored the mental health awareness, perceptions, attitudes and practices of Khateebs of Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia.Methods:This survey used 14-items self-designed culturally competitive questionnaire and sociodemographic proforma to tap religious mosque leaders’ knowledge, perceptions, practices and attitude towards mental health. Results:Majority of mosque leaders were middle aged with higher education and extensive experience as a model of true interlocutor (Khateeb). Their knowledge and practices revealed were replete with religious and spiritual healing approaches but religious mosque leaders did not completely overlook the role of psychiatric medications and mental health professionals in the management of mentally ill persons. However, religious mosque leaders showed some negative attitudes towards patients with mental disorders, and recommended 10 corrective guides including integration of mosques and religious leaders into mental health system.Conclusion:Despite mosque leader’s good mental health literacy,they need further training to plug certain loopholes traced in their mental health literacy. Researchers should conduct further similar research overcoming the caveats of this survey not only in Saudi Arabia but also globally in Muslim world

Sociodemographic Factors of Mental Health Literacy Among Housewives Living in Low Cost Apartments in Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia

@# Evaluation of mental health literacy is important in assisting the development of intervention and policies toward preventing mental health problems. This study aims to explore mental health literacy and its sociodemographic predictors in a group of housewives living in low-cost apartments in Selangor, Malaysia. Methods: A Malay version of the self-administered Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) was used in this cross-sectional study. Age, ethnicity, religion, educational level and family income were tested using one-way ANOVA and independent t-test. Result: A total of 103 eligible respondents participated in the study. Most respondents were from the age group of 30 and above, from the Malay ethnic group, Muslims, had formal education up to secondary level with a monthly family income below RM4000 (USD980). The overall mean (sd) mental health literacy score was low 106.65 (11.21) and was significantly associated with ethnicity, religion, educational level and family income (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mental health literacy scores were low and showed variations within sociodemographic groups. Keywords: Socio demographic factors; Mental Health Literacy; Housewife; Low cost apartment

Why mental health literacy still matters: a review

The magnitude of mental disorders is a growing public health concern. An increasing amount of research globally has attempted to understand the reasons for poor help-seeking for different mental health disorders. A segment of work has focused on ‘mental health literacy’ (MHL) defined as knowledge and beliefs about mental disorders which aid their recognition, management & prevention. Studies on mental health literacy, people’s knowledge of, and attitude towards mental illness, and beliefs about mental health treatment were obtained through a review of literature in PubMed databases using the medical subject headings (MeSH) terms and unpublished, grey literature during the year 1995 to 2018. Nearly 50 of the eligible articles were included for the final report. Findings revealed that the general public have relatively poor recognition of the symptoms of mental health disorders and appear to emphasise self-help over standard medical treatments. Negative attitudes toward mental illness that hinders individuals from seeking professional treatment, and help-seeking are the common themes that emerge from the findings. Findings also revealed that treatment seeking, attitudes and beliefs toward mental illness are related to mental health literacy. Several different factors that influence have been identified, including gender, culture, age, educational qualifications, and personality. MHL in general remains at a relatively low level. There is an urgent need to improve awareness of mental illness and mental health literacy among the general public. Future research for improving MHL are required.

Assessing the Effectiveness of a Mental Health Literacy Programme for Refugee Teachers in Malaysia

@#Background: Children and young refugees often experience negative events that affect their mental health. Their caregivers may also be in the same predicament, implying that the teachers in schools are a potential source of help and support. However, most teachers have little understanding of mental health and are, thus, clueless in helping their students. To address this need, a newly developed one-day mental health literacy programme was conducted among 68 refugee teachers in Malaysia. Methods: Participants learned the symptoms of mental health issues among children and adolescents in the context of post-trauma, provision of early intervention, and channel for professional supports. They also answered a packet of measurements of mental health literacy before and after the programme. Results: The paired sample t-test showed that participants reported higher willingness to contact with people having mental health problems (t = 2.787, P = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 0.394), less stereotypes toward mental illness (t = 4.603, P < 0.001, d = 0.651) and a better understanding of self-help strategies (t = 2.16, P = .036, d = 0.322) than baseline. Conclusion: The results of this study offered preliminary empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the programme as a promising channel for alleviating mental health issues among refugees.

Mental Health Literacy of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Korea: Recognition, Etiology, Treatment

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the Korean public’s recognition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), revealing underlying factors regarding perception relative to etiology and treatment of ASD, and examining variables related to those factors. METHODS: An online survey was held to investigate mental health literacy (MHL) on ASD of the general public in Korea. A total of 673 adults participated and completed questionnaires on socio-demographic characteristics and if they know someone with ASD. Next, participants were provided with a vignette describing a child with ASD. Only those that recognized there was a problem with the child moved to the next part which asked their perception regarding etiology and treatment of ASD. RESULTS: According to our study, approximately 25% of participants correctly recognized the child in the vignette as having ASD. Perception regarding etiology and treatment of ASD varied among socio-demographic characteristics. Participants acquainted with someone with ASD and correctly recognized ASD held mixed perception regarding cause and treatment. CONCLUSION: This study investigated MHL of ASD in Korea. The result reveals there is much room for improvement relative to raising awareness on MHL of ASD. Intervention considering socio-demographic characteristics and acquaintance with ASD are needed.

Mental Health Literacy toward Schizophrenia in College Students from El Salvador and the United States of America / Conocimiento sobre Esquizofrenia en Estudiantes Universitarios de El Salvador y los Estados Unidos de América

ABSTRACT The present study tested the hypothesis that El Salvador (E.S.) college students will show less knowledge, recognition, and help-seeking attitudes, and more social distance and negative attributions toward schizophrenia than will U.S. students. It is also of interest in this study to investigate if E.S. college students would have lower mental health literacy and thus, more social distance attitudes toward schizophrenia, than would U.S. students. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used. The predicted variable was country of membership: El Salvador and the U.S. The predictors were recognition, knowledge, social distance, helpseeking attitudes, and negative attribution toward schizophrenic patients. The participants (N = 340) were students from a university in E.S. and in California. Through a survey, participants were asked to diagnose a person described in a case vignette. Knowledge of schizophrenia and social distance attitudes were measured. Principal component analyses using oblimin rotation were conducted to build composite factors from the observed variables. The discriminant function accurately predicted 74.4% of the participants' country of membership, X(1) = 75.23, p < 0.001. At the individual level, 69.9% of individuals from the U.S. and 77.5% of individuals from E.S. were correctly classified. Furthermore, results indicated that U.S. students recognized schizophrenia at a higher rate, compared to E.S. students. In the E.S. group, social distance attitudes differed with level of MHL. These findings are troublesome in that social distance attitudes inhibit help-seeking behavior. Education programs aimed at promoting mental health awareness among the E.S. population are indicated.

RESUMEN El presente estudio investigó la diferencia en conocimiento sobre esquizofrenia, su identificación, actitudes de búsqueda de ayuda, distanciamiento social y atribuciones negativas entre estudiantes universitarios salvadoreños y estadounidenses. También fue de interés en este estudio explorar si los estudiantes universitarios salvadoreños con menor nivel de conocimiento buscarían mayor distanciamiento social hacia una persona con esquizofrenia, que los estudiantes estadounidenses. Se utilizó análisis de función discriminante (DFA). La variable predicha fue país de pertenencia: El Salvador y Estados Unidos. Los predictores fueron el reconocimiento, el conocimiento, la distancia social, la actitud hacia búsqueda de ayuda y la atribución negativa a las personas con esquizofrenia. Los participantes (N = 340) fueron estudiantes de una universidad en E.S. y en California. A través de una encuesta, se pidió a los participantes que diagnosticaran a una persona, a través de una historia de caso. Se midió el conocimiento sobre la esquizofrenia y las actitudes de distanciamiento social. Se utilizó análisis de componentes principales (PCA) con rotación oblimin para construir factores compuestos de las variables observadas. La función discriminante predijo con precisión el 74.4% del país de pertenencia de los participantes, x (1) = 75.23, p < 0.001. A nivel individual, el 69.9% de los individuos de los Estados Unidos y el 77.5% de los individuos de E.S. fueron clasificados correctamente. Los resultados indicaron que los estudiantes estadounidenses reconocían la esquizofrenia a una tasa más alta, en comparación con los estudiantes salvadoreños. En el grupo de E.S., las actitudes de distancia social diferían con el nivel de conocimiento sobre esquizofrenia. Estos hallazgos son problemáticos porque las actitudes de distancia social (estigma) obstaculizan la búsqueda de ayuda. Se recomiendan programas educativos dirigidos a promover la concientización sobre salud mental entre la población salvadoreña.

Development and Psychometric Properties of a New Questionnaire for Assessing Mental Health Literacy in Young People / Desarrollo y propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo cuestionario de evaluación de alfabetización en salud mental en jóvenes

Objectives: Several instruments assess constructs related to mental health lite -racy and to the stigma associated with mental health problems. However, most of them have conceptualisations that may limit the assessment of the mental health literacy concept in a more up-to-date and comprehensive perspective. Furthermore, some of the instruments' structure may limit their use in large scale samples, in a short period of time and with repeated measures. This article presents the development of the Mental Health Literacy questionnaire (MHLq) and the studies to assess its psychometric properties. Methods: After item-pool generation, content validity was assessed by experts and a think aloud procedure. The MHLq was tested in two samples of students (study 1 n=239; aged between 12 and 15 years old; study 2 n=737; aged between 11 and 17 years old) to determine its psychometric properties. Results: Factor analysis procedures favoured a three-factor solution (with 33 items) of the MHLq. The questionnaire showed good internal consistency (total score a=0.84; Factor 1 first aid skills and help seeking - a=0.79; Factor 2 knowledge/stereotypes - a=0.78; Factor 3 self-help strategies - a=0.72); and excellent test-retest reliability, the ICC for the total score of MHLq was 0.88 and for the three dimensions of MHLq was 0.80 (Factor 1), 0.90 (Factor 2) and 0.86 (Factor 3). Conclusions: The MHLq is a practical, valid and reliable tool for identifying gaps in knowledge, beliefs and behavioural intentions, in large samples, allowing the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at promoting mental health in young people.

Objetivos: Varios instrumentos evalúan constructos relacionados con conocimientos sobre la salud mental y al estigma asociado con problemas de salud mental. Sin embargo, la mayoría de ellos tienen conceptualizaciones que pueden limitar la apreciación del concepto de alfabetización de la salud mental de una manera más actual y exhaustiva. Por otra parte, la estructura de algunos de los instrumentos puede limitar su uso en muestras a gran escala, en un corto período de tiempo y con medidas repetidas. Este artículo presenta el desarrollo del cuestionario de alfabetización en salud mental (MHLq) y los estudios para evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: Después de la generación de ítems, la validez de contenido fue evaluada por expertos y por un procedimiento think aloud. El MHLq ha sido testado en dos muestras de estudiantes (estudio 1 n = 239; con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 15 años de edad; estudio 2 n = 737; edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 17 años de edad) para determinar sus propiedades psicométricas. Resultados: los procedimientos de análisis factorial indicaron una solución de tres factores (con 33 elementos) del MHLq. El cuestionario mostró una buena consistencia interna (puntuación total a = 0,84; Factor 1 técnicas de primeros auxilios y la búsqueda de ayuda - a = 0.79; Factor 2 de conocimientos / estereotipos - a = 0.78; Factor 3 estrategias de autoayuda - a = 0,72); y una excelente fiabilidad test-retest, la CCI para la puntuación total de MHLq fue de 0,88 y para las tres dimensiones del MHLq fue de 0,80 (factor 1), 0,90 (factor 2) y 0,86 (factor 3). Conclusiones: El MHLq es una herramienta práctica, válida y fiable para la identificación de lagunas en los conocimientos, las creencias y las intenciones de comportamiento, en muestras grandes, lo que permite el desarrollo y la evaluación de las intervenciones destinadas a promover la salud mental en los jóvenes.

The Stigma of Mental Illness in Korea / 신경정신의학

The stigma of mental illness is a problem that should be addressed urgently as such stigma has a negative effect on the lives of individuals with mental disorders, which may result in social and economic losses. Moreover, mental health stigma acts as a barrier to mental health service utilization. Thus, the need to reduce the mental health stigma has been highlighted. In Korea, stigma associated with individuals with mental disorders has been studied; however, few of those studies investigated mental health literacy, which might influence an individual's attitudes toward and beliefs about people with mental disorders. Furthermore, there are fewer evidence-based anti-stigma campaigns and programs in Korea than in other countries. On that basis, a review of previous studies focusing on mental disorder stigma was undertaken, and the effects of such stigma on individuals with mental disorders and on society were assessed. In addition, research into mental health literacy, rarely undertaken in South Korea, was discussed. Finally, anti-stigma campaigns that are reportedly effective in reducing mental illness stigma were reviewed. With regard to future research on mental health stigma in South Korea, it is suggested that researchers study mental health literacy to assess accurately the public's misperceptions about mental disorders. In addition, a variety of evidence-based anti-stigma campaigns should be implemented to increase public knowledge of mental disorders. Lastly, cooperation between public and private sectors should be encouraged to develop strategies for reducing the stigma and negative beliefs associated with mental disorders.

Literacy about Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder among Primary School Teachers in Lagos, Nigeria.

Aim: Teachers have important roles in the identification, referral and management of school children with Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, their ability to play these roles is contingent on their depth of knowledge about ADHD. This study assessed literacy about ADHD in a sample of primary school teachers in Lagos, south-west Nigeria. Study Design and Methodology: Using a cross-sectional study design, 144 primary school teachers in Lagos, south-West Nigeria completed a vignette-based questionnaire which assessed knowledge about symptoms and management of ADHD. The vignette depicted a student with ADHD based on the DSM-1V diagnostic criteria. Results: The mean age of the participants was 41.7 (±9.3) years, and 62.5% were females. Only 7.6% of the primary school teachers correctly identified the ADHD case vignette. The teachers predominantly recommended corporal punishment/’serious discipline’ (83.3%) in handling students with features of ADHD. The usefulness of medications and psychological interventions in ADHD were recognised by only 9.0% and 16.7% respectively. Conclusion: There is a low level of ADHD literacy among primary school teachers in Lagos. This highlights the need for educational interventions to improve knowledge about ADHD among the school teachers.

Meta-analysis of schizophrenia and depression recognition rate in the mental health literacy survey / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To study the schizophrenia and depression recognition rate in the mental health literacy.Methods Search and select the published questionnaire survey studies literature about mental health literacy.Those studies were analyzed by software RevMan 5.2.Results 10 researches entered accorded with the including criteria,a total of 27 275 samples,12 791 of the respondents recognized schizophrenia.10 499 respondents recognized depression.Meta-analysis results showed that the sum of people with schizophrenia recognition rate was 47％ (95％ CI 24％-69％).The sum of people with schizophrenia recognition rate was 45％ (95％CI 31％-59％).Conclusions People from different areas have a higher recognition rate than that of depression.

Alfabetización en salud mental en el trastorno bipolar: Asociación con la percepción de agresividad y el género en estudiantes de medicina / Mental health literacy in bipolar disorder: Association with perception of aggressiveness and gender of medical students

Introduction Developing mental health literacy in students and health professionals in general implies gaining abilities in recognizing and treating mental illnesses. In bipolar disorder, this is an important issue due that it helps reducing stigma and the treatment gap found in patients with this diagnosis. Objective To determine the associations between some variables of mental health literacy (illness, recognition, attributable causes and suggested treatment) about bipolar disorder with gender and perception of aggressiveness/dangerousness in a group of medical students. Material and methods One-hundred and three medical students from a public university in Mexico City completed the Aggressiveness Public Concept Questionnaire to assess mental health literacy and aggressiveness/dangerous-ness perception. Results 59.6% of students did not recognize the presence of a mental illness. As described symptoms were not considered as a manifestation of a mental disorder, 83.7% considered non-psychiatric interventions as the most adequate alternative for the management of the behaviors exposed in the vignette. 87.7% considered that the person described in the vignette was aggressive and 33.7% perceived the subject as dangerous. Discussion Campaigns of mental health literacy for medical students must be directed to improve recognition of the essential features of bipolar disorder, therapeutic options as well as the real prevalence and methods of prevention of aggressiveness of these patients.

Introducción La alfabetización en salud sental (ASM) por parte de estudiantes y profesionales de la salud implica su capacidad para reconocer la enfermedad mental y su adecuado manejo, y constituye un elemento esencial para reducir el estigma y la brecha de tratamiento de los pacientes con trastorno bipolar (TBP). Objetivo Determinar la asociación entre algunas variables de la ASM (reconocimiento, causas atribuibles y tratamiento sugerido) para el TBP con el género y la percepción de agresividad en un grupo de estudiantes de medicina. Material y métodos Ciento tres estudiantes de pregrado de la carrera de Medicina de una Universidad pública de la Ciudad de México completaron el Cuestionario de Concepto Público de Agresividad (CPA) para valorar la ASM y la percepción de agresividad/peligrosidad. Resultados El 59.6% de los estudiantes no reconocieron la presencia de una enfermedad mental. Al no considerar los síntomas como la manifestación de una enfermedad mental, el 83.7% sugirió intervenciones no psiquiátricas/no restrictivas para el manejo adecuado de las conductas expuestas en la viñeta clínica. El 87.7% de los estudiantes consideró que la persona descrita era agresiva y el 33.7% la percibió como peligrosa. Discusión Las campañas de ASM para estudiantes de medicina deben abocarse a incrementar el conocimiento de las características esenciales del TBP, las opciones de tratamiento así como la prevalencia real y métodos de prevención de la agresividad en estos pacientes.

Mental Health Literacy in Three Cities of China:A Survey Study / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To assess mental health literacy of urban porpulation and its related factors.Method:Subjects were sampled from 3 cities in the east(Wuxi),central(Changsha)and west(Xi'an)part of China.Subjects were asked to answer a questionnaire which included 5 vignettes of mental disorders and related questions.Results:54.1% of 7309 participants correctly recognized the cases of mania,but only 11.2% correctly recognized the cases of schizophrenia with negative symptoms.The average rate of correct recognition for all 5 vignettes was 41.7%.Participants with higher education level recognized the vignettes more correctly.Ill-character,stress and the pressure from work were reported to be the 3 main reasons of mental disorders.There were strong negative attitudes toward psychiatric patients,especially those with schizophrenia and mania.Conclusion:While the rate of correct recognition of mental disorders is acceptable when compared with similar studies in other parts of the world,negative attitude toward patients with mental disorder is still prevalent in China.